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<section id="quapy-package">
<h1>quapy package<a class="headerlink" href="#quapy-package" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<section id="subpackages">
<h2>Subpackages<a class="headerlink" href="#subpackages" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="quapy.classification.html">quapy.classification package</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="quapy.classification.html#module-quapy.classification.methods">quapy.classification.methods module</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="quapy.classification.html#module-quapy.classification.svmperf">quapy.classification.svmperf module</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="quapy.classification.html#module-quapy.classification">Module contents</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="quapy.data.html">quapy.data package</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="quapy.method.html">quapy.method package</a><ul>
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<section id="submodules">
<h2>Submodules<a class="headerlink" href="#submodules" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
</section>
<section id="module-quapy.error">
<span id="quapy-error-module"></span><h2>quapy.error module<a class="headerlink" href="#module-quapy.error" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.error.absolute_error">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.error.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">absolute_error</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">prevs</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">prevs_hat</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.error.absolute_error" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><dl class="simple">
<dt>Computes the absolute error between the two prevalence vectors.</dt><dd><p>Absolute error between two prevalence vectors <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(p\)</span> and <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(\hat{p}\)</span> is computed as
<span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(AE(p,\hat{p})=\frac{1}{|\mathcal{Y}|}\sum_{y\in \mathcal{Y}}|\hat{p}(y)-p(y)|\)</span>,
where <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(\mathcal{Y}\)</span> are the classes of interest.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li><p><strong>prevs</strong> array-like of shape <cite>(n_classes,)</cite> with the true prevalence values</p></li>
<li><p><strong>prevs_hat</strong> array-like of shape <cite>(n_classes,)</cite> with the predicted prevalence values</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt class="field-even">Returns</dt>
<dd class="field-even"><p>absolute error</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.error.acc_error">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.error.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">acc_error</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">y_true</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">y_pred</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.error.acc_error" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Computes the error in terms of 1-accuracy. The accuracy is computed as <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(\frac{tp+tn}{tp+fp+fn+tn}\)</span>, with
<cite>tp</cite>, <cite>fp</cite>, <cite>fn</cite>, and <cite>tn</cite> standing for true positives, false positives, false negatives, and true negatives,
respectively</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li><p><strong>y_true</strong> array-like of true labels</p></li>
<li><p><strong>y_pred</strong> array-like of predicted labels</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt class="field-even">Returns</dt>
<dd class="field-even"><p>1-accuracy</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.error.acce">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.error.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">acce</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">y_true</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">y_pred</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.error.acce" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Computes the error in terms of 1-accuracy. The accuracy is computed as <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(\frac{tp+tn}{tp+fp+fn+tn}\)</span>, with
<cite>tp</cite>, <cite>fp</cite>, <cite>fn</cite>, and <cite>tn</cite> standing for true positives, false positives, false negatives, and true negatives,
respectively</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li><p><strong>y_true</strong> array-like of true labels</p></li>
<li><p><strong>y_pred</strong> array-like of predicted labels</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt class="field-even">Returns</dt>
<dd class="field-even"><p>1-accuracy</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.error.ae">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.error.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">ae</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">prevs</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">prevs_hat</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.error.ae" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><dl class="simple">
<dt>Computes the absolute error between the two prevalence vectors.</dt><dd><p>Absolute error between two prevalence vectors <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(p\)</span> and <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(\hat{p}\)</span> is computed as
<span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(AE(p,\hat{p})=\frac{1}{|\mathcal{Y}|}\sum_{y\in \mathcal{Y}}|\hat{p}(y)-p(y)|\)</span>,
where <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(\mathcal{Y}\)</span> are the classes of interest.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li><p><strong>prevs</strong> array-like of shape <cite>(n_classes,)</cite> with the true prevalence values</p></li>
<li><p><strong>prevs_hat</strong> array-like of shape <cite>(n_classes,)</cite> with the predicted prevalence values</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt class="field-even">Returns</dt>
<dd class="field-even"><p>absolute error</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.error.f1_error">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.error.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">f1_error</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">y_true</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">y_pred</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.error.f1_error" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>F1 error: simply computes the error in terms of macro <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(F_1\)</span>, i.e., <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(1-F_1^M\)</span>,
where <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(F_1\)</span> is the harmonic mean of precision and recall, defined as <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(\frac{2tp}{2tp+fp+fn}\)</span>,
with <cite>tp</cite>, <cite>fp</cite>, and <cite>fn</cite> standing for true positives, false positives, and false negatives, respectively.
<cite>Macro</cite> averaging means the <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(F_1\)</span> is computed for each category independently, and then averaged.</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li><p><strong>y_true</strong> array-like of true labels</p></li>
<li><p><strong>y_pred</strong> array-like of predicted labels</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt class="field-even">Returns</dt>
<dd class="field-even"><p><span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(1-F_1^M\)</span></p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.error.f1e">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.error.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">f1e</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">y_true</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">y_pred</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.error.f1e" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>F1 error: simply computes the error in terms of macro <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(F_1\)</span>, i.e., <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(1-F_1^M\)</span>,
where <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(F_1\)</span> is the harmonic mean of precision and recall, defined as <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(\frac{2tp}{2tp+fp+fn}\)</span>,
with <cite>tp</cite>, <cite>fp</cite>, and <cite>fn</cite> standing for true positives, false positives, and false negatives, respectively.
<cite>Macro</cite> averaging means the <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(F_1\)</span> is computed for each category independently, and then averaged.</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li><p><strong>y_true</strong> array-like of true labels</p></li>
<li><p><strong>y_pred</strong> array-like of predicted labels</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt class="field-even">Returns</dt>
<dd class="field-even"><p><span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(1-F_1^M\)</span></p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.error.from_name">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.error.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">from_name</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">err_name</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.error.from_name" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Gets an error function from its name. E.g., <cite>from_name(“mae”)</cite> will return function <a class="reference internal" href="#quapy.error.mae" title="quapy.error.mae"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">quapy.error.mae()</span></code></a></p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><p><strong>err_name</strong> string, the error name</p>
</dd>
<dt class="field-even">Returns</dt>
<dd class="field-even"><p>a callable implementing the requested error</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.error.kld">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.error.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">kld</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">p</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">p_hat</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">eps</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.error.kld" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><dl class="simple">
<dt>Computes the Kullback-Leibler divergence between the two prevalence distributions.</dt><dd><p>Kullback-Leibler divergence between two prevalence distributions <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(p\)</span> and <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(\hat{p}\)</span> is computed as
<span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(KLD(p,\hat{p})=D_{KL}(p||\hat{p})=\sum_{y\in \mathcal{Y}} p(y)\log\frac{p(y)}{\hat{p}(y)}\)</span>, where
<span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(\mathcal{Y}\)</span> are the classes of interest.
The distributions are smoothed using the <cite>eps</cite> factor (see <a class="reference internal" href="#quapy.error.smooth" title="quapy.error.smooth"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">quapy.error.smooth()</span></code></a>).</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li><p><strong>prevs</strong> array-like of shape <cite>(n_classes,)</cite> with the true prevalence values</p></li>
<li><p><strong>prevs_hat</strong> array-like of shape <cite>(n_classes,)</cite> with the predicted prevalence values</p></li>
<li><p><strong>eps</strong> smoothing factor. KLD is not defined in cases in which the distributions contain zeros; <cite>eps</cite>
is typically set to be <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(\frac{1}{2T}\)</span>, with <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(T\)</span> the sample size. If <cite>eps=None</cite>, the sample size
will be taken from the environment variable <cite>SAMPLE_SIZE</cite> (which has thus to be set beforehand).</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt class="field-even">Returns</dt>
<dd class="field-even"><p>Kullback-Leibler divergence between the two distributions</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.error.mae">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.error.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">mae</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">prevs</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">prevs_hat</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.error.mae" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Computes the mean absolute error (see <a class="reference internal" href="#quapy.error.ae" title="quapy.error.ae"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">quapy.error.ae()</span></code></a>) across the sample pairs.</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li><p><strong>prevs</strong> array-like of shape <cite>(n_samples, n_classes,)</cite> with the true prevalence values</p></li>
<li><p><strong>prevs_hat</strong> array-like of shape <cite>(n_samples, n_classes,)</cite> with the predicted prevalence values</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt class="field-even">Returns</dt>
<dd class="field-even"><p>mean absolute error</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.error.mean_absolute_error">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.error.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">mean_absolute_error</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">prevs</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">prevs_hat</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.error.mean_absolute_error" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Computes the mean absolute error (see <a class="reference internal" href="#quapy.error.ae" title="quapy.error.ae"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">quapy.error.ae()</span></code></a>) across the sample pairs.</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li><p><strong>prevs</strong> array-like of shape <cite>(n_samples, n_classes,)</cite> with the true prevalence values</p></li>
<li><p><strong>prevs_hat</strong> array-like of shape <cite>(n_samples, n_classes,)</cite> with the predicted prevalence values</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt class="field-even">Returns</dt>
<dd class="field-even"><p>mean absolute error</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.error.mean_relative_absolute_error">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.error.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">mean_relative_absolute_error</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">p</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">p_hat</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">eps</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.error.mean_relative_absolute_error" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Computes the mean relative absolute error (see <a class="reference internal" href="#quapy.error.rae" title="quapy.error.rae"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">quapy.error.rae()</span></code></a>) across the sample pairs.
The distributions are smoothed using the <cite>eps</cite> factor (see <a class="reference internal" href="#quapy.error.smooth" title="quapy.error.smooth"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">quapy.error.smooth()</span></code></a>).</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li><p><strong>prevs</strong> array-like of shape <cite>(n_samples, n_classes,)</cite> with the true prevalence values</p></li>
<li><p><strong>prevs_hat</strong> array-like of shape <cite>(n_samples, n_classes,)</cite> with the predicted prevalence values</p></li>
<li><p><strong>eps</strong> smoothing factor. <cite>mrae</cite> is not defined in cases in which the true distribution contains zeros; <cite>eps</cite>
is typically set to be <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(\frac{1}{2T}\)</span>, with <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(T\)</span> the sample size. If <cite>eps=None</cite>, the sample size
will be taken from the environment variable <cite>SAMPLE_SIZE</cite> (which has thus to be set beforehand).</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt class="field-even">Returns</dt>
<dd class="field-even"><p>mean relative absolute error</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.error.mkld">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.error.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">mkld</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">prevs</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">prevs_hat</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">eps</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.error.mkld" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Computes the mean Kullback-Leibler divergence (see <a class="reference internal" href="#quapy.error.kld" title="quapy.error.kld"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">quapy.error.kld()</span></code></a>) across the sample pairs.
The distributions are smoothed using the <cite>eps</cite> factor (see <a class="reference internal" href="#quapy.error.smooth" title="quapy.error.smooth"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">quapy.error.smooth()</span></code></a>).</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li><p><strong>prevs</strong> array-like of shape <cite>(n_samples, n_classes,)</cite> with the true prevalence values</p></li>
<li><p><strong>prevs_hat</strong> array-like of shape <cite>(n_samples, n_classes,)</cite> with the predicted prevalence values</p></li>
<li><p><strong>eps</strong> smoothing factor. KLD is not defined in cases in which the distributions contain zeros; <cite>eps</cite>
is typically set to be <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(\frac{1}{2T}\)</span>, with <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(T\)</span> the sample size. If <cite>eps=None</cite>, the sample size
will be taken from the environment variable <cite>SAMPLE_SIZE</cite> (which has thus to be set beforehand).</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt class="field-even">Returns</dt>
<dd class="field-even"><p>mean Kullback-Leibler distribution</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.error.mnkld">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.error.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">mnkld</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">prevs</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">prevs_hat</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">eps</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.error.mnkld" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Computes the mean Normalized Kullback-Leibler divergence (see <a class="reference internal" href="#quapy.error.nkld" title="quapy.error.nkld"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">quapy.error.nkld()</span></code></a>) across the sample pairs.
The distributions are smoothed using the <cite>eps</cite> factor (see <a class="reference internal" href="#quapy.error.smooth" title="quapy.error.smooth"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">quapy.error.smooth()</span></code></a>).</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li><p><strong>prevs</strong> array-like of shape <cite>(n_samples, n_classes,)</cite> with the true prevalence values</p></li>
<li><p><strong>prevs_hat</strong> array-like of shape <cite>(n_samples, n_classes,)</cite> with the predicted prevalence values</p></li>
<li><p><strong>eps</strong> smoothing factor. NKLD is not defined in cases in which the distributions contain zeros; <cite>eps</cite>
is typically set to be <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(\frac{1}{2T}\)</span>, with <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(T\)</span> the sample size. If <cite>eps=None</cite>, the sample size
will be taken from the environment variable <cite>SAMPLE_SIZE</cite> (which has thus to be set beforehand).</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt class="field-even">Returns</dt>
<dd class="field-even"><p>mean Normalized Kullback-Leibler distribution</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.error.mrae">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.error.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">mrae</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">p</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">p_hat</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">eps</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.error.mrae" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Computes the mean relative absolute error (see <a class="reference internal" href="#quapy.error.rae" title="quapy.error.rae"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">quapy.error.rae()</span></code></a>) across the sample pairs.
The distributions are smoothed using the <cite>eps</cite> factor (see <a class="reference internal" href="#quapy.error.smooth" title="quapy.error.smooth"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">quapy.error.smooth()</span></code></a>).</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li><p><strong>prevs</strong> array-like of shape <cite>(n_samples, n_classes,)</cite> with the true prevalence values</p></li>
<li><p><strong>prevs_hat</strong> array-like of shape <cite>(n_samples, n_classes,)</cite> with the predicted prevalence values</p></li>
<li><p><strong>eps</strong> smoothing factor. <cite>mrae</cite> is not defined in cases in which the true distribution contains zeros; <cite>eps</cite>
is typically set to be <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(\frac{1}{2T}\)</span>, with <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(T\)</span> the sample size. If <cite>eps=None</cite>, the sample size
will be taken from the environment variable <cite>SAMPLE_SIZE</cite> (which has thus to be set beforehand).</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt class="field-even">Returns</dt>
<dd class="field-even"><p>mean relative absolute error</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.error.mse">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.error.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">mse</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">prevs</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">prevs_hat</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.error.mse" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Computes the mean squared error (see <a class="reference internal" href="#quapy.error.se" title="quapy.error.se"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">quapy.error.se()</span></code></a>) across the sample pairs.</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li><p><strong>prevs</strong> array-like of shape <cite>(n_samples, n_classes,)</cite> with the true prevalence values</p></li>
<li><p><strong>prevs_hat</strong> array-like of shape <cite>(n_samples, n_classes,)</cite> with the predicted prevalence values</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt class="field-even">Returns</dt>
<dd class="field-even"><p>mean squared error</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.error.nkld">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.error.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">nkld</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">p</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">p_hat</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">eps</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.error.nkld" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><dl class="simple">
<dt>Computes the Normalized Kullback-Leibler divergence between the two prevalence distributions.</dt><dd><p>Normalized Kullback-Leibler divergence between two prevalence distributions <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(p\)</span> and <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(\hat{p}\)</span>
is computed as <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(NKLD(p,\hat{p}) = 2\frac{e^{KLD(p,\hat{p})}}{e^{KLD(p,\hat{p})}+1}-1\)</span>, where
<span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(\mathcal{Y}\)</span> are the classes of interest.
The distributions are smoothed using the <cite>eps</cite> factor (see <a class="reference internal" href="#quapy.error.smooth" title="quapy.error.smooth"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">quapy.error.smooth()</span></code></a>).</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li><p><strong>prevs</strong> array-like of shape <cite>(n_classes,)</cite> with the true prevalence values</p></li>
<li><p><strong>prevs_hat</strong> array-like of shape <cite>(n_classes,)</cite> with the predicted prevalence values</p></li>
<li><p><strong>eps</strong> smoothing factor. NKLD is not defined in cases in which the distributions contain zeros; <cite>eps</cite>
is typically set to be <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(\frac{1}{2T}\)</span>, with <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(T\)</span> the sample size. If <cite>eps=None</cite>, the sample size
will be taken from the environment variable <cite>SAMPLE_SIZE</cite> (which has thus to be set beforehand).</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt class="field-even">Returns</dt>
<dd class="field-even"><p>Normalized Kullback-Leibler divergence between the two distributions</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.error.rae">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.error.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">rae</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">p</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">p_hat</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">eps</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.error.rae" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><dl class="simple">
<dt>Computes the absolute relative error between the two prevalence vectors.</dt><dd><p>Relative absolute error between two prevalence vectors <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(p\)</span> and <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(\hat{p}\)</span> is computed as
<span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(RAE(p,\hat{p})=\frac{1}{|\mathcal{Y}|}\sum_{y\in \mathcal{Y}}\frac{|\hat{p}(y)-p(y)|}{p(y)}\)</span>,
where <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(\mathcal{Y}\)</span> are the classes of interest.
The distributions are smoothed using the <cite>eps</cite> factor (see <a class="reference internal" href="#quapy.error.smooth" title="quapy.error.smooth"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">quapy.error.smooth()</span></code></a>).</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li><p><strong>prevs</strong> array-like of shape <cite>(n_classes,)</cite> with the true prevalence values</p></li>
<li><p><strong>prevs_hat</strong> array-like of shape <cite>(n_classes,)</cite> with the predicted prevalence values</p></li>
<li><p><strong>eps</strong> smoothing factor. <cite>rae</cite> is not defined in cases in which the true distribution contains zeros; <cite>eps</cite>
is typically set to be <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(\frac{1}{2T}\)</span>, with <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(T\)</span> the sample size. If <cite>eps=None</cite>, the sample size
will be taken from the environment variable <cite>SAMPLE_SIZE</cite> (which has thus to be set beforehand).</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt class="field-even">Returns</dt>
<dd class="field-even"><p>relative absolute error</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.error.relative_absolute_error">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.error.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">relative_absolute_error</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">p</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">p_hat</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">eps</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.error.relative_absolute_error" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><dl class="simple">
<dt>Computes the absolute relative error between the two prevalence vectors.</dt><dd><p>Relative absolute error between two prevalence vectors <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(p\)</span> and <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(\hat{p}\)</span> is computed as
<span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(RAE(p,\hat{p})=\frac{1}{|\mathcal{Y}|}\sum_{y\in \mathcal{Y}}\frac{|\hat{p}(y)-p(y)|}{p(y)}\)</span>,
where <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(\mathcal{Y}\)</span> are the classes of interest.
The distributions are smoothed using the <cite>eps</cite> factor (see <a class="reference internal" href="#quapy.error.smooth" title="quapy.error.smooth"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">quapy.error.smooth()</span></code></a>).</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li><p><strong>prevs</strong> array-like of shape <cite>(n_classes,)</cite> with the true prevalence values</p></li>
<li><p><strong>prevs_hat</strong> array-like of shape <cite>(n_classes,)</cite> with the predicted prevalence values</p></li>
<li><p><strong>eps</strong> smoothing factor. <cite>rae</cite> is not defined in cases in which the true distribution contains zeros; <cite>eps</cite>
is typically set to be <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(\frac{1}{2T}\)</span>, with <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(T\)</span> the sample size. If <cite>eps=None</cite>, the sample size
will be taken from the environment variable <cite>SAMPLE_SIZE</cite> (which has thus to be set beforehand).</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt class="field-even">Returns</dt>
<dd class="field-even"><p>relative absolute error</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.error.se">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.error.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">se</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">p</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">p_hat</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.error.se" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><dl class="simple">
<dt>Computes the squared error between the two prevalence vectors.</dt><dd><p>Squared error between two prevalence vectors <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(p\)</span> and <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(\hat{p}\)</span> is computed as
<span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(SE(p,\hat{p})=\frac{1}{|\mathcal{Y}|}\sum_{y\in \mathcal{Y}}(\hat{p}(y)-p(y))^2\)</span>, where
<span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(\mathcal{Y}\)</span> are the classes of interest.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li><p><strong>prevs</strong> array-like of shape <cite>(n_classes,)</cite> with the true prevalence values</p></li>
<li><p><strong>prevs_hat</strong> array-like of shape <cite>(n_classes,)</cite> with the predicted prevalence values</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt class="field-even">Returns</dt>
<dd class="field-even"><p>absolute error</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.error.smooth">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.error.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">smooth</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">prevs</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">eps</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.error.smooth" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Smooths a prevalence distribution with <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(\epsilon\)</span> (<cite>eps</cite>) as:
<span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(\underline{p}(y)=\frac{\epsilon+p(y)}{\epsilon|\mathcal{Y}|+\displaystyle\sum_{y\in \mathcal{Y}}p(y)}\)</span></p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li><p><strong>prevs</strong> array-like of shape <cite>(n_classes,)</cite> with the true prevalence values</p></li>
<li><p><strong>eps</strong> smoothing factor</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt class="field-even">Returns</dt>
<dd class="field-even"><p>array-like of shape <cite>(n_classes,)</cite> with the smoothed distribution</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
</section>
<section id="module-quapy.evaluation">
<span id="quapy-evaluation-module"></span><h2>quapy.evaluation module<a class="headerlink" href="#module-quapy.evaluation" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.evaluation.artificial_prevalence_prediction">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.evaluation.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">artificial_prevalence_prediction</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">model</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span> <span class="n"><a class="reference internal" href="quapy.method.html#quapy.method.base.BaseQuantifier" title="quapy.method.base.BaseQuantifier"><span class="pre">quapy.method.base.BaseQuantifier</span></a></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">test</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span> <span class="n"><a class="reference internal" href="quapy.data.html#quapy.data.base.LabelledCollection" title="quapy.data.base.LabelledCollection"><span class="pre">quapy.data.base.LabelledCollection</span></a></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">sample_size</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">n_prevpoints</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">210</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">n_repetitions</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">1</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">eval_budget</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span> <span class="n"><span class="pre">Optional</span><span class="p"><span class="pre">[</span></span><span class="pre">int</span><span class="p"><span class="pre">]</span></span></span> <span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span> <span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">n_jobs</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">1</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">random_seed</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">42</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">verbose</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.evaluation.artificial_prevalence_prediction" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Performs the predictions for all samples generated according to the artificial sampling protocol.</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li><p><strong>model</strong> the model in charge of generating the class prevalence estimations</p></li>
<li><p><strong>test</strong> the test set on which to perform arificial sampling</p></li>
<li><p><strong>sample_size</strong> the size of the samples</p></li>
<li><p><strong>n_prevpoints</strong> the number of different prevalences to sample (or set to None if eval_budget is specified)</p></li>
<li><p><strong>n_repetitions</strong> the number of repetitions for each prevalence</p></li>
<li><p><strong>eval_budget</strong> if specified, sets a ceil on the number of evaluations to perform. For example, if there are 3</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>classes, n_repetitions=1 and eval_budget=20, then n_prevpoints will be set to 5, since this will generate 15
different prevalences ([0, 0, 1], [0, 0.25, 0.75], [0, 0.5, 0.5] … [1, 0, 0]) and since setting it n_prevpoints
to 6 would produce more than 20 evaluations.
:param n_jobs: number of jobs to be run in parallel
:param random_seed: allows to replicate the samplings. The seed is local to the method and does not affect
any other random process.
:param verbose: if True, shows a progress bar
:return: two ndarrays of shape (m,n) with m the number of samples (n_prevpoints*n_repetitions) and n the</p>
<blockquote>
<div><p>number of classes. The first one contains the true prevalences for the samples generated while the second one
contains the the prevalence estimations</p>
</div></blockquote>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.evaluation.artificial_prevalence_protocol">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.evaluation.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">artificial_prevalence_protocol</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">model</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span> <span class="n"><a class="reference internal" href="quapy.method.html#quapy.method.base.BaseQuantifier" title="quapy.method.base.BaseQuantifier"><span class="pre">quapy.method.base.BaseQuantifier</span></a></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">test</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span> <span class="n"><a class="reference internal" href="quapy.data.html#quapy.data.base.LabelledCollection" title="quapy.data.base.LabelledCollection"><span class="pre">quapy.data.base.LabelledCollection</span></a></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">sample_size</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">n_prevpoints</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">210</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">n_repetitions</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">1</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">eval_budget</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span> <span class="n"><span class="pre">Optional</span><span class="p"><span class="pre">[</span></span><span class="pre">int</span><span class="p"><span class="pre">]</span></span></span> <span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span> <span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">n_jobs</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">1</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">random_seed</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">42</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">error_metric</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span> <span class="n"><span class="pre">Union</span><span class="p"><span class="pre">[</span></span><span class="pre">str</span><span class="p"><span class="pre">,</span> </span><span class="pre">Callable</span><span class="p"><span class="pre">]</span></span></span> <span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span> <span class="default_value"><span class="pre">'mae'</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">verbose</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.evaluation.artificial_prevalence_protocol" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.evaluation.artificial_prevalence_report">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.evaluation.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">artificial_prevalence_report</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">model</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span> <span class="n"><a class="reference internal" href="quapy.method.html#quapy.method.base.BaseQuantifier" title="quapy.method.base.BaseQuantifier"><span class="pre">quapy.method.base.BaseQuantifier</span></a></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">test</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span> <span class="n"><a class="reference internal" href="quapy.data.html#quapy.data.base.LabelledCollection" title="quapy.data.base.LabelledCollection"><span class="pre">quapy.data.base.LabelledCollection</span></a></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">sample_size</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">n_prevpoints</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">210</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">n_repetitions</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">1</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">eval_budget</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span> <span class="n"><span class="pre">Optional</span><span class="p"><span class="pre">[</span></span><span class="pre">int</span><span class="p"><span class="pre">]</span></span></span> <span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span> <span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">n_jobs</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">1</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">random_seed</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">42</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">error_metrics</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span> <span class="n"><span class="pre">Iterable</span><span class="p"><span class="pre">[</span></span><span class="pre">Union</span><span class="p"><span class="pre">[</span></span><span class="pre">str</span><span class="p"><span class="pre">,</span> </span><span class="pre">Callable</span><span class="p"><span class="pre">]</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">]</span></span></span> <span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span> <span class="default_value"><span class="pre">'mae'</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">verbose</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.evaluation.artificial_prevalence_report" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.evaluation.evaluate">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.evaluation.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">evaluate</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">model</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span> <span class="n"><a class="reference internal" href="quapy.method.html#quapy.method.base.BaseQuantifier" title="quapy.method.base.BaseQuantifier"><span class="pre">quapy.method.base.BaseQuantifier</span></a></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">test_samples</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span> <span class="n"><span class="pre">Iterable</span><span class="p"><span class="pre">[</span></span><a class="reference internal" href="quapy.data.html#quapy.data.base.LabelledCollection" title="quapy.data.base.LabelledCollection"><span class="pre">quapy.data.base.LabelledCollection</span></a><span class="p"><span class="pre">]</span></span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">err</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span> <span class="n"><span class="pre">Union</span><span class="p"><span class="pre">[</span></span><span class="pre">str</span><span class="p"><span class="pre">,</span> </span><span class="pre">Callable</span><span class="p"><span class="pre">]</span></span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">n_jobs</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span> <span class="n"><span class="pre">int</span></span> <span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span> <span class="default_value"><span class="pre">-</span> <span class="pre">1</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.evaluation.evaluate" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.evaluation.gen_prevalence_prediction">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.evaluation.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">gen_prevalence_prediction</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">model</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span> <span class="n"><a class="reference internal" href="quapy.method.html#quapy.method.base.BaseQuantifier" title="quapy.method.base.BaseQuantifier"><span class="pre">quapy.method.base.BaseQuantifier</span></a></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">gen_fn</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span> <span class="n"><span class="pre">Callable</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">eval_budget</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.evaluation.gen_prevalence_prediction" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.evaluation.natural_prevalence_prediction">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.evaluation.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">natural_prevalence_prediction</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">model</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span> <span class="n"><a class="reference internal" href="quapy.method.html#quapy.method.base.BaseQuantifier" title="quapy.method.base.BaseQuantifier"><span class="pre">quapy.method.base.BaseQuantifier</span></a></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">test</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span> <span class="n"><a class="reference internal" href="quapy.data.html#quapy.data.base.LabelledCollection" title="quapy.data.base.LabelledCollection"><span class="pre">quapy.data.base.LabelledCollection</span></a></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">sample_size</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">n_repetitions</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">1</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">n_jobs</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">1</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">random_seed</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">42</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">verbose</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.evaluation.natural_prevalence_prediction" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Performs the predictions for all samples generated according to the artificial sampling protocol.
:param model: the model in charge of generating the class prevalence estimations
:param test: the test set on which to perform arificial sampling
:param sample_size: the size of the samples
:param n_repetitions: the number of repetitions for each prevalence
:param n_jobs: number of jobs to be run in parallel
:param random_seed: allows to replicate the samplings. The seed is local to the method and does not affect
any other random process.
:param verbose: if True, shows a progress bar
:return: two ndarrays of shape (m,n) with m the number of samples (n_repetitions) and n the</p>
<blockquote>
<div><p>number of classes. The first one contains the true prevalences for the samples generated while the second one
contains the the prevalence estimations</p>
</div></blockquote>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.evaluation.natural_prevalence_protocol">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.evaluation.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">natural_prevalence_protocol</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">model</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span> <span class="n"><a class="reference internal" href="quapy.method.html#quapy.method.base.BaseQuantifier" title="quapy.method.base.BaseQuantifier"><span class="pre">quapy.method.base.BaseQuantifier</span></a></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">test</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span> <span class="n"><a class="reference internal" href="quapy.data.html#quapy.data.base.LabelledCollection" title="quapy.data.base.LabelledCollection"><span class="pre">quapy.data.base.LabelledCollection</span></a></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">sample_size</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">n_repetitions</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">1</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">n_jobs</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">1</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">random_seed</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">42</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">error_metric</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span> <span class="n"><span class="pre">Union</span><span class="p"><span class="pre">[</span></span><span class="pre">str</span><span class="p"><span class="pre">,</span> </span><span class="pre">Callable</span><span class="p"><span class="pre">]</span></span></span> <span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span> <span class="default_value"><span class="pre">'mae'</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">verbose</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.evaluation.natural_prevalence_protocol" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.evaluation.natural_prevalence_report">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.evaluation.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">natural_prevalence_report</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">model</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span> <span class="n"><a class="reference internal" href="quapy.method.html#quapy.method.base.BaseQuantifier" title="quapy.method.base.BaseQuantifier"><span class="pre">quapy.method.base.BaseQuantifier</span></a></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">test</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span> <span class="n"><a class="reference internal" href="quapy.data.html#quapy.data.base.LabelledCollection" title="quapy.data.base.LabelledCollection"><span class="pre">quapy.data.base.LabelledCollection</span></a></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">sample_size</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">n_repetitions</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">1</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">n_jobs</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">1</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">random_seed</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">42</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">error_metrics</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span> <span class="n"><span class="pre">Iterable</span><span class="p"><span class="pre">[</span></span><span class="pre">Union</span><span class="p"><span class="pre">[</span></span><span class="pre">str</span><span class="p"><span class="pre">,</span> </span><span class="pre">Callable</span><span class="p"><span class="pre">]</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">]</span></span></span> <span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span> <span class="default_value"><span class="pre">'mae'</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">verbose</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.evaluation.natural_prevalence_report" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
</section>
<section id="module-quapy.functional">
<span id="quapy-functional-module"></span><h2>quapy.functional module<a class="headerlink" href="#module-quapy.functional" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.functional.HellingerDistance">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.functional.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">HellingerDistance</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">P</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">Q</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.functional.HellingerDistance" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.functional.adjusted_quantification">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.functional.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">adjusted_quantification</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">prevalence_estim</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">tpr</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">fpr</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">clip</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">True</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.functional.adjusted_quantification" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.functional.artificial_prevalence_sampling">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.functional.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">artificial_prevalence_sampling</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">dimensions</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">n_prevalences</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">21</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">repeat</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">1</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">return_constrained_dim</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.functional.artificial_prevalence_sampling" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Generates vectors of prevalence values artificially drawn from an exhaustive grid of prevalence values. The
number of prevalence values explored for each dimension depends on <cite>n_prevalences</cite>, so that, if, for example,
<cite>n_prevalences=11</cite> then the prevalence values of the grid are taken from [0, 0.1, 0.2, …, 0.9, 1]. Only
valid prevalence distributions are returned, i.e., vectors of prevalence values that sum up to 1. For each
valid vector of prevalence values, <cite>repeat</cite> copies are returned. The vector of prevalence values can be
implicit (by setting <cite>return_constrained_dim=False</cite>), meaning that the last dimension (which is constrained
to 1 - sum of the rest) is not returned (note that, quite obviously, in this case the vector does not sum up to 1).</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li><p><strong>dimensions</strong> the number of classes</p></li>
<li><p><strong>n_prevalences</strong> the number of equidistant prevalence points to extract from the [0,1] interval for the grid
(default is 21)</p></li>
<li><p><strong>repeat</strong> number of copies for each valid prevalence vector (default is 1)</p></li>
<li><p><strong>return_constrained_dim</strong> set to True to return all dimensions, or to False (default) for ommitting the
constrained dimension</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt class="field-even">Returns</dt>
<dd class="field-even"><p>an ndarray of shape <cite>(n, dimensions)</cite> if <cite>return_constrained_dim=True</cite> or of shape <cite>(n, dimensions-1)</cite>
if <cite>return_constrained_dim=False</cite>, where <cite>n</cite> is the number of valid combinations found in the grid multiplied
by <cite>repeat</cite></p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.functional.get_nprevpoints_approximation">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.functional.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">get_nprevpoints_approximation</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">combinations_budget</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span> <span class="n"><span class="pre">int</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">n_classes</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span> <span class="n"><span class="pre">int</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">n_repeats</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span> <span class="n"><span class="pre">int</span></span> <span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span> <span class="default_value"><span class="pre">1</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.functional.get_nprevpoints_approximation" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Searches for the largest number of (equidistant) prevalence points to define for each of the n_classes classes so that
the number of valid prevalences generated as combinations of prevalence points (points in a n_classes-dimensional
simplex) do not exceed combinations_budget.
:param n_classes: number of classes
:param n_repeats: number of repetitions for each prevalence combination
:param combinations_budget: maximum number of combinatios allowed
:return: the largest number of prevalence points that generate less than combinations_budget valid prevalences</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.functional.normalize_prevalence">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.functional.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">normalize_prevalence</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">prevalences</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.functional.normalize_prevalence" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.functional.num_prevalence_combinations">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.functional.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">num_prevalence_combinations</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">n_prevpoints</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span> <span class="n"><span class="pre">int</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">n_classes</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span> <span class="n"><span class="pre">int</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">n_repeats</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span> <span class="n"><span class="pre">int</span></span> <span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span> <span class="default_value"><span class="pre">1</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.functional.num_prevalence_combinations" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Computes the number of prevalence combinations in the n_classes-dimensional simplex if nprevpoints equally distant
prevalences are generated and n_repeats repetitions are requested
:param n_classes: number of classes
:param n_prevpoints: number of prevalence points.
:param n_repeats: number of repetitions for each prevalence combination
:return: The number of possible combinations. For example, if n_classes=2, n_prevpoints=5, n_repeats=1, then the
number of possible combinations are 5, i.e.: [0,1], [0.25,0.75], [0.50,0.50], [0.75,0.25], and [1.0,0.0]</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.functional.prevalence_from_labels">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.functional.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">prevalence_from_labels</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">labels</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">classes</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.functional.prevalence_from_labels" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Computed the prevalence values from a vector of labels.</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li><p><strong>labels</strong> array-like of shape <cite>(n_instances)</cite> with the label for each instance</p></li>
<li><p><strong>classes</strong> the class labels. This is needed in order to correctly compute the prevalence vector even when
some classes have no examples.</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt class="field-even">Returns</dt>
<dd class="field-even"><p>an ndarray of shape <cite>(len(classes))</cite> with the class prevalence values</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.functional.prevalence_from_probabilities">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.functional.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">prevalence_from_probabilities</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">posteriors</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">binarize</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span> <span class="n"><span class="pre">bool</span></span> <span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span> <span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.functional.prevalence_from_probabilities" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.functional.prevalence_linspace">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.functional.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">prevalence_linspace</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">n_prevalences</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">21</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">repeat</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">1</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">smooth_limits_epsilon</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">0.01</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.functional.prevalence_linspace" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Produces a uniformly separated values of prevalence. By default, produces an array of 21 prevalence values, with
step 0.05 and with the limits smoothed, i.e.:
[0.01, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, …, 0.90, 0.95, 0.99]</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li><p><strong>n_prevalences</strong> the number of prevalence values to sample from the [0,1] interval (default 21)</p></li>
<li><p><strong>repeat</strong> number of times each prevalence is to be repeated (defaults to 1)</p></li>
<li><p><strong>smooth_limits_epsilon</strong> the quantity to add and subtract to the limits 0 and 1</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt class="field-even">Returns</dt>
<dd class="field-even"><p>an array of uniformly separated prevalence values</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.functional.strprev">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.functional.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">strprev</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">prevalences</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">prec</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">3</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.functional.strprev" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.functional.uniform_prevalence_sampling">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.functional.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">uniform_prevalence_sampling</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">n_classes</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">size</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">1</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.functional.uniform_prevalence_sampling" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.functional.uniform_simplex_sampling">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.functional.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">uniform_simplex_sampling</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">n_classes</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">size</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">1</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.functional.uniform_simplex_sampling" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
</section>
<section id="module-quapy.model_selection">
<span id="quapy-model-selection-module"></span><h2>quapy.model_selection module<a class="headerlink" href="#module-quapy.model_selection" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.model_selection.GridSearchQ">
<em class="property"><span class="pre">class</span> </em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.model_selection.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">GridSearchQ</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">model:</span> <span class="pre">quapy.method.base.BaseQuantifier,</span> <span class="pre">param_grid:</span> <span class="pre">dict,</span> <span class="pre">sample_size:</span> <span class="pre">Optional[int],</span> <span class="pre">protocol='app',</span> <span class="pre">n_prevpoints:</span> <span class="pre">Optional[int]</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">None,</span> <span class="pre">n_repetitions:</span> <span class="pre">int</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">1,</span> <span class="pre">eval_budget:</span> <span class="pre">Optional[int]</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">None,</span> <span class="pre">error:</span> <span class="pre">Union[Callable,</span> <span class="pre">str]</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">&lt;function</span> <span class="pre">mae&gt;,</span> <span class="pre">refit=True,</span> <span class="pre">val_split=0.4,</span> <span class="pre">n_jobs=1,</span> <span class="pre">random_seed=42,</span> <span class="pre">timeout=-1,</span> <span class="pre">verbose=False</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.model_selection.GridSearchQ" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Bases: <a class="reference internal" href="quapy.method.html#quapy.method.base.BaseQuantifier" title="quapy.method.base.BaseQuantifier"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">quapy.method.base.BaseQuantifier</span></code></a></p>
<p>Grid Search optimization targeting a quantification-oriented metric.</p>
<p>Optimizes the hyperparameters of a quantification method, based on an evaluation method and on an evaluation
protocol for quantification.</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li><p><strong>model</strong> (<a class="reference internal" href="quapy.method.html#quapy.method.base.BaseQuantifier" title="quapy.method.base.BaseQuantifier"><em>BaseQuantifier</em></a>) the quantifier to optimize</p></li>
<li><p><strong>param_grid</strong> a dictionary with keys the parameter names and values the list of values to explore</p></li>
<li><p><strong>sample_size</strong> the size of the samples to extract from the validation set (ignored if protocl=gen)</p></li>
<li><p><strong>protocol</strong> either app for the artificial prevalence protocol, npp for the natural prevalence
protocol, or gen for using a custom sampling generator function</p></li>
<li><p><strong>n_prevpoints</strong> if specified, indicates the number of equally distant points to extract from the interval
[0,1] in order to define the prevalences of the samples; e.g., if n_prevpoints=5, then the prevalences for
each class will be explored in [0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00]. If not specified, then eval_budget is requested.
Ignored if protocol!=app.</p></li>
<li><p><strong>n_repetitions</strong> the number of repetitions for each combination of prevalences. This parameter is ignored
for the protocol=app if eval_budget is set and is lower than the number of combinations that would be
generated using the value assigned to n_prevpoints (for the current number of classes and n_repetitions).
Ignored for protocol=npp and protocol=gen (use eval_budget for setting a maximum number of samples in
those cases).</p></li>
<li><p><strong>eval_budget</strong> if specified, sets a ceil on the number of evaluations to perform for each hyper-parameter
combination. For example, if protocol=app, there are 3 classes, n_repetitions=1 and eval_budget=20, then
n_prevpoints will be set to 5, since this will generate 15 different prevalences, i.e., [0, 0, 1],
[0, 0.25, 0.75], [0, 0.5, 0.5] … [1, 0, 0], and since setting it to 6 would generate more than
20. When protocol=gen, indicates the maximum number of samples to generate, but less samples will be
generated if the generator yields less samples.</p></li>
<li><p><strong>error</strong> an error function (callable) or a string indicating the name of an error function (valid ones
are those in qp.error.QUANTIFICATION_ERROR</p></li>
<li><p><strong>refit</strong> whether or not to refit the model on the whole labelled collection (training+validation) with
the best chosen hyperparameter combination. Ignored if protocol=gen</p></li>
<li><p><strong>val_split</strong> either a LabelledCollection on which to test the performance of the different settings, or
a float in [0,1] indicating the proportion of labelled data to extract from the training set, or a callable
returning a generator function each time it is invoked (only for protocol=gen).</p></li>
<li><p><strong>n_jobs</strong> number of parallel jobs</p></li>
<li><p><strong>random_seed</strong> set the seed of the random generator to replicate experiments. Ignored if protocol=gen.</p></li>
<li><p><strong>timeout</strong> establishes a timer (in seconds) for each of the hyperparameters configurations being tested.
Whenever a run takes longer than this timer, that configuration will be ignored. If all configurations end up
being ignored, a TimeoutError exception is raised. If -1 (default) then no time bound is set.</p></li>
<li><p><strong>verbose</strong> set to True to get information through the stdout</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.model_selection.GridSearchQ.best_model">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">best_model</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.model_selection.GridSearchQ.best_model" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns the best model found after calling the <a class="reference internal" href="#quapy.model_selection.GridSearchQ.fit" title="quapy.model_selection.GridSearchQ.fit"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fit()</span></code></a> method, i.e., the one trained on the combination
of hyper-parameters that minimized the error function.</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Returns</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><p>a trained quantifier</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py property">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.model_selection.GridSearchQ.classes_">
<em class="property"><span class="pre">property</span> </em><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">classes_</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.model_selection.GridSearchQ.classes_" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Classes on which the quantifier has been trained on.
:return: a ndarray of shape <cite>(n_classes)</cite> with the class identifiers</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.model_selection.GridSearchQ.fit">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">fit</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">training</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span> <span class="n"><a class="reference internal" href="quapy.data.html#quapy.data.base.LabelledCollection" title="quapy.data.base.LabelledCollection"><span class="pre">quapy.data.base.LabelledCollection</span></a></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">val_split</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span> <span class="n"><span class="pre">Optional</span><span class="p"><span class="pre">[</span></span><span class="pre">Union</span><span class="p"><span class="pre">[</span></span><a class="reference internal" href="quapy.data.html#quapy.data.base.LabelledCollection" title="quapy.data.base.LabelledCollection"><span class="pre">quapy.data.base.LabelledCollection</span></a><span class="p"><span class="pre">,</span> </span><span class="pre">float</span><span class="p"><span class="pre">,</span> </span><span class="pre">Callable</span><span class="p"><span class="pre">]</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">]</span></span></span> <span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span> <span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.model_selection.GridSearchQ.fit" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><dl class="simple">
<dt>Learning routine. Fits methods with all combinations of hyperparameters and selects the one minimizing</dt><dd><p>the error metric.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li><p><strong>training</strong> the training set on which to optimize the hyperparameters</p></li>
<li><p><strong>val_split</strong> either a LabelledCollection on which to test the performance of the different settings, or
a float in [0,1] indicating the proportion of labelled data to extract from the training set</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt class="field-even">Returns</dt>
<dd class="field-even"><p>self</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.model_selection.GridSearchQ.get_params">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">get_params</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">deep</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">True</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.model_selection.GridSearchQ.get_params" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns the dictionary of hyper-parameters to explore (<cite>param_grid</cite>)</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><p><strong>deep</strong> Unused</p>
</dd>
<dt class="field-even">Returns</dt>
<dd class="field-even"><p>the dictionary <cite>param_grid</cite></p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.model_selection.GridSearchQ.quantify">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">quantify</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">instances</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.model_selection.GridSearchQ.quantify" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Estimate class prevalence values using the best model found after calling the <a class="reference internal" href="#quapy.model_selection.GridSearchQ.fit" title="quapy.model_selection.GridSearchQ.fit"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fit()</span></code></a> method.</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><p><strong>instances</strong> sample contanining the instances</p>
</dd>
<dt class="field-even">Returns</dt>
<dd class="field-even"><p>a ndarray of shape <cite>(n_classes)</cite> with class prevalence estimates as according to the best model found
by the model selection process.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.model_selection.GridSearchQ.set_params">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">set_params</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">**</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">parameters</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.model_selection.GridSearchQ.set_params" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Sets the hyper-parameters to explore.</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><p><strong>parameters</strong> a dictionary with keys the parameter names and values the list of values to explore</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
</section>
<section id="module-quapy.plot">
<span id="quapy-plot-module"></span><h2>quapy.plot module<a class="headerlink" href="#module-quapy.plot" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.plot.binary_bias_bins">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.plot.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">binary_bias_bins</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">method_names</span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">true_prevs</span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">estim_prevs</span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">pos_class=1</span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">title=None</span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">nbins=5</span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">colormap=&lt;matplotlib.colors.ListedColormap</span> <span class="pre">object&gt;</span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">vertical_xticks=False</span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">legend=True</span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">savepath=None</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.plot.binary_bias_bins" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Box-plots displaying the local bias (i.e., signed error computed as the estimated value minus the true value)
for different bins of (true) prevalence of the positive classs, for each quantification method.</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li><p><strong>method_names</strong> array-like with the method names for each experiment</p></li>
<li><p><strong>true_prevs</strong> array-like with the true prevalence values (each being a ndarray with n_classes components) for
each experiment</p></li>
<li><p><strong>estim_prevs</strong> array-like with the estimated prevalence values (each being a ndarray with n_classes components)
for each experiment</p></li>
<li><p><strong>pos_class</strong> index of the positive class</p></li>
<li><p><strong>title</strong> the title to be displayed in the plot</p></li>
<li><p><strong>nbins</strong> number of bins</p></li>
<li><p><strong>colormap</strong> the matplotlib colormap to use (default cm.tab10)</p></li>
<li><p><strong>vertical_xticks</strong> whether or not to add secondary grid (default is False)</p></li>
<li><p><strong>legend</strong> whether or not to display the legend (default is True)</p></li>
<li><p><strong>savepath</strong> path where to save the plot. If not indicated (as default), the plot is shown.</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.plot.binary_bias_global">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.plot.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">binary_bias_global</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">method_names</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">true_prevs</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">estim_prevs</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">pos_class</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">1</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">title</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">savepath</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.plot.binary_bias_global" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Box-plots displaying the global bias (i.e., signed error computed as the estimated value minus the true value)
for each quantification method with respect to a given positive class.</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li><p><strong>method_names</strong> array-like with the method names for each experiment</p></li>
<li><p><strong>true_prevs</strong> array-like with the true prevalence values (each being a ndarray with n_classes components) for
each experiment</p></li>
<li><p><strong>estim_prevs</strong> array-like with the estimated prevalence values (each being a ndarray with n_classes components)
for each experiment</p></li>
<li><p><strong>pos_class</strong> index of the positive class</p></li>
<li><p><strong>title</strong> the title to be displayed in the plot</p></li>
<li><p><strong>savepath</strong> path where to save the plot. If not indicated (as default), the plot is shown.</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.plot.binary_diagonal">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.plot.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">binary_diagonal</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">method_names</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">true_prevs</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">estim_prevs</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">pos_class</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">1</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">title</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">show_std</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">True</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">legend</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">True</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">train_prev</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">savepath</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">method_order</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.plot.binary_diagonal" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>The diagonal plot displays the predicted prevalence values (along the y-axis) as a function of the true prevalence
values (along the x-axis). The optimal quantifier is described by the diagonal (0,0)-(1,1) of the plot (hence the
name). It is convenient for binary quantification problems, though it can be used for multiclass problems by
indicating which class is to be taken as the positive class. (For multiclass quantification problems, other plots
like the <a class="reference internal" href="#quapy.plot.error_by_drift" title="quapy.plot.error_by_drift"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">error_by_drift()</span></code></a> might be preferable though).</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li><p><strong>method_names</strong> array-like with the method names for each experiment</p></li>
<li><p><strong>true_prevs</strong> array-like with the true prevalence values (each being a ndarray with n_classes components) for
each experiment</p></li>
<li><p><strong>estim_prevs</strong> array-like with the estimated prevalence values (each being a ndarray with n_classes components)
for each experiment</p></li>
<li><p><strong>pos_class</strong> index of the positive class</p></li>
<li><p><strong>title</strong> the title to be displayed in the plot</p></li>
<li><p><strong>show_std</strong> whether or not to show standard deviations (represented by color bands). This might be inconvenient
for cases in which many methods are compared, or when the standard deviations are high default True)</p></li>
<li><p><strong>legend</strong> whether or not to display the leyend (default True)</p></li>
<li><p><strong>train_prev</strong> if indicated (default is None), the training prevalence (for the positive class) is hightlighted
in the plot. This is convenient when all the experiments have been conducted in the same dataset.</p></li>
<li><p><strong>savepath</strong> path where to save the plot. If not indicated (as default), the plot is shown.</p></li>
<li><p><strong>method_order</strong> if indicated (default is None), imposes the order in which the methods are processed (i.e.,
listed in the legend and associated with matplotlib colors).</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.plot.brokenbar_supremacy_by_drift">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.plot.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">brokenbar_supremacy_by_drift</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">method_names</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">true_prevs</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">estim_prevs</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">tr_prevs</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">n_bins</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">20</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">binning</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">'isomerous'</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">x_error</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">'ae'</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">y_error</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">'ae'</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">ttest_alpha</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">0.005</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">tail_density_threshold</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">0.005</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">method_order</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">savepath</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.plot.brokenbar_supremacy_by_drift" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Displays (only) the top performing methods for different regions of the train-test shift in form of a broken
bar chart, in which each method has bars only for those regions in which either one of the following conditions
hold: (i) it is the best method (in average) for the bin, or (ii) it is not statistically significantly different
(in average) as according to a two-sided t-test on independent samples at confidence <cite>ttest_alpha</cite>.
The binning can be made “isometric” (same size), or “isomerous” (same number of experiments default). A second
plot is displayed on top, that displays the distribution of experiments for each bin (when binning=”isometric”) or
the percentiles points of the distribution (when binning=”isomerous”).</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li><p><strong>method_names</strong> array-like with the method names for each experiment</p></li>
<li><p><strong>true_prevs</strong> array-like with the true prevalence values (each being a ndarray with n_classes components) for
each experiment</p></li>
<li><p><strong>estim_prevs</strong> array-like with the estimated prevalence values (each being a ndarray with n_classes components)
for each experiment</p></li>
<li><p><strong>tr_prevs</strong> training prevalence of each experiment</p></li>
<li><p><strong>n_bins</strong> number of bins in which the y-axis is to be divided (default is 20)</p></li>
<li><p><strong>binning</strong> type of binning, either “isomerous” (default) or “isometric”</p></li>
<li><p><strong>x_error</strong> a string representing the name of an error function (as defined in <cite>quapy.error</cite>) to be used for
measuring the amount of train-test shift (default is “ae”)</p></li>
<li><p><strong>y_error</strong> a string representing the name of an error function (as defined in <cite>quapy.error</cite>) to be used for
measuring the amount of error in the prevalence estimations (default is “ae”)</p></li>
<li><p><strong>ttest_alpha</strong> the confidence interval above which a p-value (two-sided t-test on independent samples) is
to be considered as an indicator that the two means are not statistically significantly different. Default is
0.005, meaning that a <cite>p-value &gt; 0.005</cite> indicates the two methods involved are to be considered similar</p></li>
<li><p><strong>tail_density_threshold</strong> sets a threshold on the density of experiments (over the total number of experiments)
below which a bin in the tail (i.e., the right-most ones) will be discarded. This is in order to avoid some
bins to be shown for train-test outliers.</p></li>
<li><p><strong>method_order</strong> if indicated (default is None), imposes the order in which the methods are processed (i.e.,
listed in the legend and associated with matplotlib colors).</p></li>
<li><p><strong>savepath</strong> path where to save the plot. If not indicated (as default), the plot is shown.</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt class="field-even">Returns</dt>
<dd class="field-even"><p></p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.plot.error_by_drift">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.plot.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">error_by_drift</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">method_names</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">true_prevs</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">estim_prevs</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">tr_prevs</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">n_bins</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">20</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">error_name</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">'ae'</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">show_std</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">show_density</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">True</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">logscale</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">title</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">'Quantification</span> <span class="pre">error</span> <span class="pre">as</span> <span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">function</span> <span class="pre">of</span> <span class="pre">distribution</span> <span class="pre">shift'</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">vlines</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">method_order</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">savepath</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.plot.error_by_drift" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Plots the error (along the x-axis, as measured in terms of <cite>error_name</cite>) as a function of the train-test shift
(along the y-axis, as measured in terms of <a class="reference internal" href="#quapy.error.ae" title="quapy.error.ae"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">quapy.error.ae()</span></code></a>). This plot is useful especially for multiclass
problems, in which “diagonal plots” may be cumbersone, and in order to gain understanding about how methods
fare in different regions of the prior probability shift spectrum (e.g., in the low-shift regime vs. in the
high-shift regime).</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li><p><strong>method_names</strong> array-like with the method names for each experiment</p></li>
<li><p><strong>true_prevs</strong> array-like with the true prevalence values (each being a ndarray with n_classes components) for
each experiment</p></li>
<li><p><strong>estim_prevs</strong> array-like with the estimated prevalence values (each being a ndarray with n_classes components)
for each experiment</p></li>
<li><p><strong>tr_prevs</strong> training prevalence of each experiment</p></li>
<li><p><strong>n_bins</strong> number of bins in which the y-axis is to be divided (default is 20)</p></li>
<li><p><strong>error_name</strong> a string representing the name of an error function (as defined in <cite>quapy.error</cite>, default is “ae”)</p></li>
<li><p><strong>show_std</strong> whether or not to show standard deviations as color bands (default is False)</p></li>
<li><p><strong>show_density</strong> whether or not to display the distribution of experiments for each bin (default is True)</p></li>
<li><p><strong>logscale</strong> whether or not to log-scale the y-error measure (default is False)</p></li>
<li><p><strong>title</strong> title of the plot (default is “Quantification error as a function of distribution shift”)</p></li>
<li><p><strong>vlines</strong> array-like list of values (default is None). If indicated, highlights some regions of the space
using vertical dotted lines.</p></li>
<li><p><strong>method_order</strong> if indicated (default is None), imposes the order in which the methods are processed (i.e.,
listed in the legend and associated with matplotlib colors).</p></li>
<li><p><strong>savepath</strong> path where to save the plot. If not indicated (as default), the plot is shown.</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
</section>
<section id="module-quapy.util">
<span id="quapy-util-module"></span><h2>quapy.util module<a class="headerlink" href="#module-quapy.util" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.util.EarlyStop">
<em class="property"><span class="pre">class</span> </em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.util.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">EarlyStop</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">patience</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">lower_is_better</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">True</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.util.EarlyStop" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Bases: <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">object</span></code></p>
<p>A class implementing the early-stopping condition typically used for training neural networks.</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><p><strong>patience</strong> the number of (consecutive) times that a monitored evaluation metric (typically obtaind in a</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>held-out validation split) can be found to be worse than the best one obtained so far, before flagging the
stopping condition. An instance of this class is <cite>callable</cite>, and is to be used as follows:</p>
<div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">earlystop</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">EarlyStop</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">patience</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">lower_is_better</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">earlystop</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0.9</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">epoch</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">earlystop</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0.7</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">epoch</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">earlystop</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">IMPROVED</span> <span class="c1"># is True</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">earlystop</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">1.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">epoch</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">earlystop</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">STOP</span> <span class="c1"># is False (patience=1)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">earlystop</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">1.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">epoch</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">earlystop</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">STOP</span> <span class="c1"># is True (patience=0)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">earlystop</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">best_epoch</span> <span class="c1"># is 1</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">earlystop</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">best_score</span> <span class="c1"># is 0.7</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><p><strong>lower_is_better</strong> if True (default) the metric is to be minimized.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="field-even">Variables</dt>
<dd class="field-even"><ul class="simple">
<li><p><strong>best_score</strong> keeps track of the best value seen so far</p></li>
<li><p><strong>best_epoch</strong> keeps track of the epoch in which the best score was set</p></li>
<li><p><strong>STOP</strong> flag (boolean) indicating the stopping condition</p></li>
<li><p><strong>IMPROVED</strong> flag (boolean) indicating whether there was an improvement in the last call</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.util.create_if_not_exist">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.util.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">create_if_not_exist</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.util.create_if_not_exist" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>An alias to <cite>os.makedirs(path, exist_ok=True)</cite> that also returns the path. This is useful in cases like, e.g.:</p>
<div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">path</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">create_if_not_exist</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">dir</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">subdir</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">anotherdir</span><span class="p">))</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><p><strong>path</strong> path to create</p>
</dd>
<dt class="field-even">Returns</dt>
<dd class="field-even"><p>the path itself</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.util.create_parent_dir">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.util.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">create_parent_dir</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.util.create_parent_dir" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Creates the parent dir (if any) of a given path, if not exists. E.g., for <cite>./path/to/file.txt</cite>, the path <cite>./path/to</cite>
is created.</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><p><strong>path</strong> the path</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.util.download_file">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.util.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">download_file</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">url</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">archive_filename</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.util.download_file" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Downloads a file from a url</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li><p><strong>url</strong> the url</p></li>
<li><p><strong>archive_filename</strong> destination filename</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.util.download_file_if_not_exists">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.util.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">download_file_if_not_exists</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">url</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">archive_filename</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.util.download_file_if_not_exists" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Dowloads a function (using <a class="reference internal" href="#quapy.util.download_file" title="quapy.util.download_file"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">download_file()</span></code></a>) if the file does not exist.</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li><p><strong>url</strong> the url</p></li>
<li><p><strong>archive_filename</strong> destination filename</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.util.get_quapy_home">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.util.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">get_quapy_home</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.util.get_quapy_home" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Gets the home directory of QuaPy, i.e., the directory where QuaPy saves permanent data, such as dowloaded datasets.</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Returns</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><p>a string representing the path</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.util.map_parallel">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.util.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">map_parallel</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">func</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">args</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">n_jobs</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.util.map_parallel" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Applies func to n_jobs slices of args. E.g., if args is an array of 99 items and n_jobs=2, then
func is applied in two parallel processes to args[0:50] and to args[50:99]</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li><p><strong>func</strong> function to be parallelized</p></li>
<li><p><strong>args</strong> array-like of arguments to be passed to the function in different parallel calls</p></li>
<li><p><strong>n_jobs</strong> the number of workers</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.util.parallel">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.util.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">parallel</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">func</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">args</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">n_jobs</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.util.parallel" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>A wrapper of multiprocessing:</p>
<div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">Parallel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n_jobs</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">n_jobs</span><span class="p">)(</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span> <span class="n">delayed</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">)(</span><span class="n">args_i</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">args_i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">args</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>that takes the <cite>quapy.environ</cite> variable as input silently</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.util.pickled_resource">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.util.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">pickled_resource</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">pickle_path</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span> <span class="n"><span class="pre">str</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">generation_func</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span> <span class="n"><span class="pre">callable</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">args</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.util.pickled_resource" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Allows for fast reuse of resources that are generated only once by calling generation_func(<a href="#id1"><span class="problematic" id="id2">*</span></a>args). The next times
this function is invoked, it loads the pickled resource. Example:</p>
<div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">some_array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="c1"># a mock resource created with one parameter (`n`)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rand</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">pickled_resource</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;./my_array.pkl&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">some_array</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># the resource does not exist: it is created by calling some_array(10)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">pickled_resource</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;./my_array.pkl&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">some_array</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># the resource exists; it is loaded from &#39;./my_array.pkl&#39;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li><p><strong>pickle_path</strong> the path where to save (first time) and load (next times) the resource</p></li>
<li><p><strong>generation_func</strong> the function that generates the resource, in case it does not exist in pickle_path</p></li>
<li><p><strong>args</strong> any arg that generation_func uses for generating the resources</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt class="field-even">Returns</dt>
<dd class="field-even"><p>the resource</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.util.save_text_file">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.util.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">save_text_file</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">text</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.util.save_text_file" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Saves a text file to disk, given its full path, and creates the parent directory if missing.</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li><p><strong>path</strong> path where to save the path.</p></li>
<li><p><strong>text</strong> text to save.</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.util.temp_seed">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.util.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">temp_seed</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">seed</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.util.temp_seed" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Can be used in a “with” context to set a temporal seed without modifying the outer numpys current state. E.g.:</p>
<div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">temp_seed</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">random_seed</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span> <span class="k">pass</span> <span class="c1"># do any computation depending on np.random functionality</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><p><strong>seed</strong> the seed to set within the “with” context</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
</section>
<section id="module-quapy">
<span id="module-contents"></span><h2>Module contents<a class="headerlink" href="#module-quapy" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="quapy.isbinary">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">quapy.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">isbinary</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">x</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quapy.isbinary" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
</section>
</section>
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